What are risk factors for pressure ulcers that CNAs should monitor?

• A. Immobility, poor nutrition/hydration, incontinence, reduced sensation, friction/shear, and moisture.
• B. Only age
• C. Limited mobility only
• D. Genetic factors only

Answer: (A)

Pressure ulcers happen when sustained pressure reduces blood flow to skin over bony areas, so anything that keeps someone from shifting weight or protecting the skin raises risk. The main factors CNAs watch are immobility, poor nutrition and hydration, incontinence with moisture, reduced sensation, and the mechanical effects of friction and shear. Immobility means the patient can’t relieve pressure, so tissue stays ischemic longer. Poor nutrition and dehydration weaken skin and slow healing, making injuries harder to prevent and recover from. Incontinence keeps skin damp, leading to moisture-related breakdown. Reduced sensation can prevent noticing early skin changes, delaying intervention. Friction and shear from movement can tear or slide skin against underlying tissues, doing more damage than pressure alone. Moisture from sweating or incontinence compounds all of this by softening and weakening the skin. While age or genetics can influence overall risk, these modifiable factors are what CNAs actively monitor and address through turning schedules, skin care, keeping skin clean and dry, supporting hydration and nutrition, and using careful lifting to avoid dragging or sliding.